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二元制的美国法律体系DualityintheAmericanLegalSystemTheAmericanlegalsystemfeaturesacomplexityresultingfromAmericanfederalism.Withinthefederalstructure，eachstateretainsasubstantialdegreeofautonomy.Eachhasitsownconstitution，statutesmadebyitsownlegislature，andabodyofcaselawcreatedbyitsowncourts.SoitcanbesaidthatinsteadofoneuniformsetoflawsAmericahasfiftyoneasetoflawsforeachofthefiftystatesandoneforthefederation.Acomplicationresultingfromthisduality，ormultiplicity，isthatchoiceoflawquestionsfrequentlyariseinmultistatetransactionsoroccurrencesifadis？putearisesoutofaseriesofactivitiesindifferentstates，orbetweencitizensofdifferentstates，andthesubstantiverightsatissuearedefineddifferentlyinthesestates，thechoiceofapplicablelaw，whichisgovernedbydifferentchoiceoflawrulesofdifferentstates，becomesaverycomplicatedquestion.Thetrendtowarduniformstatuteshastendedtoreducethiscomplication，butconflictsoflawproblemsstillexist.So，instudyingAmericanlaw，studentsshouldbeawarethatdifferentstatesmayhavedifferentsubstantivelawsanddif？ferentchoiceoflawrulesregardingaparticularlegalsituation，resultinginthepossibilitythatthechoiceofforummayaffectthesubstantiverightsofthepartiesconcerned.ChoiceofforumalsoaddstothecomplexityoflitigationinAmerica，becausedualityisalsopresentinAmerica’scourtsystem.Insteadofoneunifiedsetofcourts，Americahasfiftyonesets，eachofwhichoperatesindependentlyoftheothers，andeachofwhichiscompletewithitsowntrialandappellatecourts.Thestatecourtsarethecourtsinwhichdisputesareordinarilyheard.Itstrialcourtsincludecourtsoflimitedjurisdictionandcourtsofgeneraljurisdic？tion1.Moststateshavetrialcourtsoflimitedjurisdiction.Theseinferiorcourtsareauthorizedtohearanddeterminecasesinvolvingarelativelysmallamountofmoneyorparticularsubjectmatters.Thenamesandauthorityofcourtsoflimitedjurisdictionvaryfromstatetostate.Allstateshavecourts，usuallyorganizedalongcountylines，forhearingcasesofalltypes，unlimitedbysubjectmatteroramountincontroversy.Suchcourtsarereferredtoasthetrialcourtsofgeneraljurisdicti
