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编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第PAGE17页共NUMPAGES17页第PAGE\*MERGEFORMAT17页共NUMPAGES\*MERGEFORMAT17页Lesson1HowItAllBeganOil.Petroleum.Blackgold.Formedunderthesurfaceoftheearthmillionsofyearsago,manhaslongbeenawareoftheexistenceofoil.Yet,ithasonlybeeninthelasthundredyearsorsothatmanhasfullyrealizeditsvalueandusefulness.Inhardlymorethanacentury,ourmodernsocietyhasbecometotallydependentuponthemenandwomenanddreamsandrealitiesofthepetroleumindustry.Todaywedependuponpetroleumproductsnotonlyfortransportation,heating,andgeneratingelectricity,butalsoforfertilizersandfabrics,plasticsandpantyhose.munitionsandmedicines,paintsandpesticides,andthousandsofotheritemswetakeforgrantedeveryday.Otherfuels,suchascoalanduranium,wouldnotbeavailablewithoutthedieselfuelandpetroleum-basedexplosivesrequiredtomine,transport,andprocessthem,orthebillionsofcubicfeetofnaturalgasnecessarytomanufacturethePortlandcementneededtobuildthegeneratingstationstheyfuel.Inshort,asthepastdecadehaspainfullytaughtus,theworld’seconomyisbasednotongoldorpoliticalphilosophies,butratheronthepriceofabarrelofcrude.Manfirstbecameacquaintedwithpetroleumthroughnatural“seeps,”orspotsontheearth’ssurfacewhereshallowdepositsofcrudeoil—andoftennaturalgas—oozedupwardsintopits,creeks,andmarshes,oralongbeachesandbays.Petroleum,asthe“rockoil”,wascalledbytheancients,isreferredtonotonlyintheBible,butalsoinman’searliestrecordedhistory.OilseepsandbitumenpitsfurnishedthepitchandasphaltusedinthemortarthatbuilttheTowerofBabel,thewallsofNinevah,andSolomon’stemple.Itwasfrom“slimepits”neartheDeadSea,thattheEgyptiansobtainedthebitumentheyusedtoembalmtheirdead.In3000B.C.theSumerianswereusingoil-burninglamps,apracticeadoptedinGreecearound250B.C.IntheEast,sometimeafter100B.C.,theChinesewerediggingwellshundredsoffeetdeeptoobtainsaltwaterfromwhichtheyextractedthesodiumchloridetoseasonandpreservetheirfood.Occasionallythesewellsalsoproducednaturalgas,whichtheChineselearnedtousenotonlyforheatingandcooking,butalsotopipethrough
