Chapter5ProjectScopeManagement（第5章项目范围管理）ProjectScopeManagementincludestheprocessesrequiredtoensurethattheprojectincludesalltheworkrequired,andonlytheworkrequired,tocompletetheprojectsuccessfully.Itisprimarilyconcernedwithdefiningandcontrollingwhatisorisnotincludedintheproject.Figure5-1providesanoverviewofthemajorprojectscopemanagementprocesses:项目范围管理包括确保项目成功完成所必需的所有且是仅仅需要工作。它主要关心定义和控制什么包括或什么不包括在项目中。图5-1是项目范围管理过程的概览：5.1Initiation—commitingtheorganizationtobeginthenextphaseoftheproject.立项－证实组织开始项目的下个阶段。5.2ScopePlanning—developingawrittenscopestatementasbasisforfutureprojectdecisions.范围计划编制－制定范围说明，作为未来项目决策的基础。5.3ScopeDefinition—subdividingthemajorprojectdeliverablesintosmaller,moremanageablecomponents.范围定义－将主要的项目可交付成果分成小的、容易管理的部分。5.4ScopeVerification—formalizingacceptanceoftheprojectscope.范围核实－正式接受项目范围。5.5ScopeChangeControl—controllingchangestoprojectscope.范围变更控制－控制项目范围的变更。-1-Figure5-1ProjectScopeManagementOverviewTheseprocessesinteractwitheachotherandwiththeprocessesintheotherknowledgeareasaswell.Eachprocessmayinvolveeffortfromoneormoreindividualsorgroupsofindividualsbasedontheneedsoftheproject.Eachprocessgenerallyoccursatleastonceineveryprojectphase.这些过程相互之间以及同其它知识领域的过程交互作用。每个过程包含了基-2-于项目需求的个人或集体的努力。每个过程在每个项目阶段一般至少发生一次。Althoughtheprocessesarepresentedhereasdiscreteelementswithwell-definedinterfaces,inpracticetheymayoverlapandinteractinwaysnotdetailedhere.ProcessinteractionsarediscussedindetailinChapter3.尽管这里描述的过程有定义很好的接口，并且是独立、离散的要素，实际上它们以这里未描述的方式重叠和交互作用。第3章中详细讨论过程的交互作用。Intheprojectcontext,theterm“scope”mayreferto:在项目概念中，术语“范围”是指：zProductscope—thefeaturesandfuctionsthataretobeincludedinaproductorservice.产品范围－产品或服务中包含的特征和功能。zProjectscope-theworkthatmustbedoneinordertodeliveraproductwiththespecifiedfeaturesandfunctions.项目范围－为了交付具有特定特征和功能的产品所必须做的工作。Theprocesses,toolsandtechniquesusedtomanageprojectscopearethefocusofthischapter.Theprocesses,toolsandtechniquesusedtomanageproductscopevaryby