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ACCA《公司法与商法》真题及答案2015年ACCA《公司法与商法》真题及答案Question:(a)InrelationtotheEnglishlegalsystem,explainthemeaningof:(i)criminallaw;(ii)civillaw.(b)Explainthehierarchyofcourtsdealingwithcriminallaw.Answer:(a)(i)CriminallawrelatestoconductwhichtheStateconsiderswithdisapprovalandwhichitseekstocontrol.Criminallawinvolvestheenforcementofparticularformsofbehaviour,andtheState,astherepresentativeofsociety,actspositivelytoensurecompliance.Thus,criminalcasesarebroughtbytheStateinthenameoftheCrownandcasesarereportedintheformofReginav…(ReginaissimplyLatinfor‘queen’andcasereferencesareusuallyabbreviatedtoRv...).Incriminallawtheprosecutorprosecutesadefendant(or‘theaccused’)andisrequiredtoprovethatthedefendantisguiltybeyondreasonabledoubt.TheCompaniesAct(CA)006setsoutmanypotentialcriminaloffences,whichmaybecommittedbyeitherthecompanyitself,oritsofficersorotherindividuals.Anexampleofthiswhichmaybecitediss.993,whichrelatestothecriminaloffenceoffraudulenttradingandappliestoanyperson,notjustdirectorsormembers,whoisknowinglyapartytothecarryingonofabusinesswiththeintenttodefraudcreditors.Thepotentialpenaltyonconvictionisimprisonmentforamaximumperiodof10years,orafineorboth.(ii)Civillaw,ontheotherhand,isaformofprivatelawandinvolvestherelationshipsbetweenindividualcitizens.Itisthelegalmechanismthroughwhichindividualscanassertclaimsagainstothersandhavethoserightsadjudicatedandenforced.Thepurposeofcivillawistosettledisputesbetweenindividualsandtoprovideremedies;itisnotconcernedwithpunishmentassuch.TheroleoftheStateinrelationtocivillawistoestablishthegeneralframeworkoflegalrulesandtoprovidethelegalinstitutionstooperatethoserights,buttheactivationofthecivillawisstrictlyamatterfortheindividualsconcerned.Contract,tortandpropertylawaregenerallyaspectsofcivillaw.Civilcasesarereferredtobythenamesofthepartiesinvolvedinthedispute,forexample,SmithvJones.Incivillaw,aclaimantsues(or‘bringsaclaimagainst’)adefendantandthedegreeofproofisonthebalanceofprobabiliti
