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水泥的历史中英文对照资料外文翻译文献外文翻译HistoryofcementEarlyusesTheearliestconstructioncementsareasoldasconstruction,andwerenon-hydraulic.Whereverprimitivemudbrickswereused,theywerebeddedtogetherwithathinlayerofclayslurry.Mud-basedmaterialswerealsousedforrenderingonthewallsoftimberorwattleanddaubstructures.Limewasprobablyusedforthefirsttimeasanadditiveintheserenders,andforstabilizingmudfloors.A“daub”consistingofmud,cowdungandlimeproducesstoughcoating,duetocoagulationbythelime,ofproteinsinthecowdung.ThissimplesystemwascommoninEuropeuntilquiterecenttimes.Withtheadventoffiredbricks,andtheiruseinlargerstructures,variousculturesstartedtoexperimentwithhigher-strengthmortarsbasedonbitumen(inMesopotamia),gypsum(inEgypt)andlime(inmanypartsoftheworld).Itisuncertainwhereitwasfirstdiscoveredthatacombinationofhydratednon-hydrauliclimeandapozzolanproducesahydraulicmixture,butconcretemadefromsuchmixtureswasfirstusedonalargescalebytheRomans.Theyusedbothnaturalpozzolans(trassorpumice)andartificial1pozzolans(groundbrickorpottery)intheseconcretes.Manyexcellentexamplesofstructuresmadefromtheseconcretesarestillstanding,notablythehugemonolithicdomeofthePantheoninRome.TheuseofstructuralconcretedisappearedinmedievalEurope,althoughweakpozzolanicconcretescontinuedtobeusedasacorefillinstonewallsandcolumns.ModerncementModernhydrauliccementsbegantobedevelopedfromthestartoftheIndustrialRevolution(around1800),drivenbythreemainneeds:Hydraulicrendersforfinishingbrickbuildingsinwetclimates.˙Hydraulicmortarsformasonryconstructionofharborworksetc,incontactwithseawater.˙Developmentofstrongconcretes.InBritainparticularly,goodqualitybuildingstonebecameevermoreexpensiveduringaperiodofrapidgrowth,anditbecameacommonpracticetoconstructprestigebuildingsfromthenewindustrialbricks,andtofinishthemwithastuccotoimitatestone.Hydrauliclimeswerefavoredforthis,buttheneedforafastsettimeencouragedthedevelopmentofnewcements.MostfamousamongthesewasParker’s“Romancement.”Thiswasdevel
