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StanfordVocabulary,FallQuarterEDUC200ADescriptiveThenatureofsubjects’characteristicsdetermineswhichparticularsubjectsendupineachcomparisongroupExperimentalAtypeofresearchusedtoestablishcause-and-effectrelationshipsbymanipulatingwhatsubjectswillexperience.Non-experimental:CorrelationalAtypeofresearchthatmeasurestwoormorevariablesandlookstoseehowthevariablesarerelatedtoeachotherwithoutanydirectmanipulationordirectcontrolofconditionsexperienced.CausalToestablishcausationResearchAsystematicandscientificapproachtofindinganswerstoquestionsResearchDesignAplanforgatheringdataforansweringspecificresearchquestionsStatisticsThemethodsusedonthedatacollectedtoanswertheresearchquestionsDescriptiveStatisticsMethodsusedtoobtainindicesthatcharacterizeorsummarizedatacollectedfromaparticularsampleInferentialStatisticsMethodsthatallowtheresearchertomakeinferencesfromasetofdatacollectedfromasampletoalargerpopulationResearchHypothesisAtentativestatementabouttheexpectedrelationshipbetweentwoormorevariablesInternalValidityValidity(trueforeverycircumstance)ofcausalinferences(conclusionsfrompremisesknown/assumedtobetrue)ExternalValidityTheextenttowhichtheresultsofastudycanbegeneralizedtoothersituations/peopleDifferencesbetweeninternalandexternalvalidity:Internal(wasitreallythetreatmentthatcausedthedifferencebetweensubjects)andexternal(canfindingsbegeneralized?)HawthorneEffectChangesinparticipantbehaviorduringastudyduetosocialsituationsandtreatmenttheyreceivedDependent(Criterion)VariableTheoutput/effectIndependent(predictor)VariableTheinput/causesFallacyofhomogeneityNEEDTODEFINEPostHocfallacyAoccursbeforeB,thereforeAisthecauseofBBlindObserversPersongatheringthedataisunawareofthetreatmentbeingappliedtoeachsubjectStatisticalsignificanceStatisticalassessmentofwhetherobservationsreflectpatterns,notchanceUnivariate/MultivariateOne/MorethanonevariableParametricStatistics
