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编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第PAGE13页共NUMPAGES13页第PAGE\*MERGEFORMAT13页共NUMPAGES\*MERGEFORMAT13页原文：Taxes,TradableRightsandTransactionCostsWithrespecttomarket-basedpolicyapproaches,itisawidelyheldviewthatcorrectivetaxationentailssubstantial.Thisconclusiononlyholdsifset-upcostsaresingledout.Itisarguedthattheprevalenceoftransactioncostsislargelydependentonthedesignofthepolicyinstrument,respectivelythetaxbaseorthetradingregimechosen.Comparativeanalysisfurthershowsthatacap-and-tradeprogramofemissionpermitsdistributedforfree,tradedonabrokeredmarketandmonitoredupstreamisnotonlymoreeffective,butalsolikelytoentailfewertransactioncoststhanenvironmentaltaxes.Anyattempt,inturn,tosavethehugeinformation,enforcementandcompliancecostsincurredbycorrectivetaxationimpairsitsefficacybyseveringthelinkbetweentheenvironmentalexternalityandthetaxbase.Basically,thereexistfourpolicyinstrumentstocurbpollution:directregulation,environmentalliability,ecologicaltaxesandtradableemissionrights.Thelattertwoaresimilarinthesensethattheyaremarket-basedinstrumentsthatusethepricesystemtointernalizeenvironmentaldamages.Theycomparefavorablytothetwoformerapproachesbecausetheyareflexibleandcost-effectiveasformallydemonstrated.Despitetheirsimilarity,mostcountriesrelyontaxesinsteadoftradablepermits.SincetheKyotoProtocol,however,thereisarenewedpoliticalandscientificinterestintradableemissionrights.Withthisriseinpublicinterest,theallegedcomplexityofthesystemandsubsequenttransactioncostsareunremittinglycriticized.Inthisarticle,wewillassessthemeritsofthiscriticism.Taxestypicallycarrybothanincentiveandfinancialeffect.AlthoughthepurposeofPigouviantaxationistobringaboutachangeinactivityandpollutionlevels,environmentaltaxescanbeeasilyconceivedasjustanalternativesourceofrevenueforthegovernment.Assumingalowtreasurypreference,publicsupportmayhavetobewonbyanenvironmentaltaxreformthatbalancesenvironmentaltaxrevenueswithtaxcutselsewhereorprovidestaxincentivesforpollutionreduction.However,thisdoesnot
