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ThePlesiochronousDigitalHierarchy(PDH)AgendaLettherebevoice…PulseCodedModulationPCMSamplingMultiplexingSynchronousMultiplexingAsynchronousMultiplexingMultiplexingTechniquesTimeDivisionMultiplexingSpaceDivisionMultiplexingSub-rateDataMultiplexingMUX1BitStuffing-PositiveJustificationPlesiochronousDigitalHierarchyPDHHierarchy2Mb/sframestructureG.704/G.732FrameAlignment(PCM31)FrameAlignmentCAS(PCM30)PCM30/PCM31CRC-4(G.704)PCM30/PCM31CRC-48Mb/sFrameStructure34Mb/sFrameStructure140Mb/sFrameStructureTheANSIWorldDS1FrameStructure-D1FramingDS1FrameStructure-D4FramingDS1FrameStructure-D4FramingDS1FrameStructure-ExtendedSuperFrame(ESF)DefinitionofPlesichronousPDHNETWORKOPERATIONTYPICALMULTIPLEXERAPPLICATIONNorthAmericanDIGITALMULTIPLEXINGHIERARCHY1.544MbpsFrameStructureT1FRAMEOVERHEADE1E2E3E4E52.048MbpsFrameStructureE1FRAMEOVERHEADManagementofE1TransmissionFrameCRC-4MULTIFRAMESTRUCTUREAbits:RAI-RemoteAlarmIndicationbitsRAIissetto“0”intheundisturbedconditionRAIissetto“1”inthealarmcondition.Sibits:ReservedforinternationaluseIfnouseisrealised,thesebitsshouldbesetto1ondigitalpathscrossinganinternationalborder.However,theymaybeusednationallyifthedigitalpathdoesnotcrossthenationalborder.Sbits:SparebitsThesebitsarerecommendedbyITU-Tforuseinspecificpoint-to-pointapplications(eg.transcoderequipmentsconformingtoG.761).Thesebitscanbeusedforoperations,maintenanceandperformancemonitoring.Sparebitsaresetto“1”whentheyarenotused.C1,C2,C3,C4bitsCyclicRedundancyCheckbitsSYNCHRONISATIONFRAMEALIGNMENTPROCEDUREUSINGCRCALARMSSIGNALLINGSIGNALLINGCHANNEL(CHANNEL16)INE1FRAMEE1LINKMANAGEMENTPARAMETERSE1FRAMETYPESPHYSICALCONFIGURATIONGatheringStatisticsStandardmeasurementperiod:15MinutesCollectedfor24hours,henceatotalof96setsofstatisticsaregeneratedeachday.After24hours,allthecountersarereset.LineCodingandthezeroesproblemdsx1HDB3ErrorEventsBipolarViolations(BPV)ExcessiveZeroes(EXZ)LineCodingViolations(LCV):BPV/EXZPathCodingViolations
