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全国公共英语三级阅读考试试题Certainanimalshaveanintuitiveawarenessofquantities.Theyknowwithoutanalysisthedifferencebetweenanumberofobjectsandsasmallernumber.InhisbookTheNaturalHistoryofSelbourne(1786),thenaturalistGilbertWhitetellshowhesurreptitiouslyremovedoneeggadaytomakeupploversnest,andhowthemotherlaidanothereggeachdaytomakeupforthemissingone.Henotedthatotherspeciesofbirdsignoretheabsenceofasingleeggbutabandontheirnestifmorethanoneegghasbeenremoved.Ithasalsobeennotedbynaturalistthatacertaintypeofwaspalwaysprovidesfive-neverfour,neversix-caterpillarsforeachoftheireggssothattheiryounghavesomethingtoeatwhentheeggshatch.Researchhasalsoshownthatbothmiceandpigeonscanbetaughttodistinguishbetweenoddandevennumbersoffoodpieces.Theseandsimilaraccountshaveledsomepeopletoinferthatcreaturesotherthanhumancanactuallycount.Theyalsopointtodogsthathavebeentaughttorespondtonumericalquestionswiththecorrectnumberofbarks,ortohorsesthatseemtosolvearithmeticproblembystompingtheirhoovesnumberoftimes.Animalsrespondtoquantitiesonlywhentheyareconnectedtosurviveasaspecies-asinthecaseoftheeggs-orsurviveasindividuals-asinthecaseoffood.Thereisontransfertoothersituationsorfromconcreterealitytotheabstractnotionofnumbers.Animalscan“count”onlywhentheobjectsarepresentandonlywhenthenumbersinvolvedaresmall-nomorethansevenoreight.Inlabexperiments,animalstrainedtocountonekindofobjectwereunabletocountanyothertype.Theobjects,notthenumbers,arewhatinterestthem.Animalsadmittedlyremarkableachievementssimplydonotamounttoevidenceofcounting,nordotheyrevealmorethaninnateinstinct,refinedbythegenesofsuccessivegenerations,ortheresultsofclever,carefulconditioningbytrainers.1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.CarefultrainingisrequiredtoteachanimalstoperformtricksinvolvingnumbersB.AnimascannotcountmorethanonekindofobjectC.ofallanimals,dogsandhorsescancountbestD.Althoughsomeanimalsmaybeawareofquantities,theycannotactuallycount2.TheauthorreferstoGil
