2.AssessmentoftheEconomicContributionofWaterResourcestoNationalDevelopment2.水资源对国家发展的经济贡献评估2.1.Introduction2.1.引言Theprocessofdevelopmenthasbothsocialandeconomicdimensions.发展的过程同时具有社会和经济层面。Thetwoarelinked,andreinforcing,inmanyimportantways.二者在许多重要方面联系紧密，相辅相成。Atthemicrolevel,ashouseholdincomerises,afamilycanaffordabetterstandardofliving.在微观层面上，家庭收入增加，一个家庭可以享受更高的生活水平。Atthemacrolevel,however,therearenumerousexamplesofcountrieswhere,althoughtheaveragelevelofincomehasincreased,incomedistributionhasbecomemoreinequitable.然而，在宏观层面上，有无数这样的的例子：所在国家的收入平均水平虽然有所增加，收入分配却变得更加不公平。Insomecasestheabsolute,aswellastherelative,well-beingofthepoorestpeopledeclinedaseconomicdevelopmentprogressed.在某些情况下，随着经济的发展进步，那部分最穷的人的福利的绝对值和相对值都在下降。Thecountry’ssocialfabricwasplacedunderincreasingstrainbytheworseninglivingconditions,particularlyfortheurbanpoor.由于人民特别是城市贫民生活条件恶化，国家的社会结构压力越来越大。Thedistributionofincomeisgenerallymoreskewedindevelopingcountriesthaninindustrialcountriesandalargeproportionoftheirtotalpopulationisoftenlivinginabsolutepoverty(asusedinthispaper,thetermabsolutepovertyreferstothestateofthosewithoutaccesstothebasicrequirementsofahealthylifeincludingsafewater,adequatenutritionandsanitationfacilities)evenincountrieswheretheaverageincomemaybemoderatelyhigh.发展中国家的收入分配与工业化国家相比一般更加不均匀，他们的总人口相当大的比例往往是生活在绝对贫困的状态下，甚至是在国家的平均收入相对较高的情况下。（本文中的长期绝对贫困是指那些没有获得健康生活的基本要求，包括安全饮用水，足够的营养和卫生设施的状态）Forexample,inthePhilippinesin1971thelowest30percentofhouseholdsearnedonly8percentofthetotalincomewhileinJapanthecorrespondinggroupaccountedfor14percent(in1972).例如，1971年在菲律宾收入最低的30％的家庭仅占总收入的8％，而在日本，相应的组占14％（1972年）。Thedevelopmentandexploitationofacountry’swaterresourcesplaysanimportantroleinbothitseconomicandsocialdevelopment.Waterisbothaneconomicgoodandasocialnecessity.Thefirstsectionofthispaperdiscusseswater’scontributiontoeconomicdevelopment.Thesecondsectiondealswithitsroleinmeetingacountry’ssocialobjectives.Inthefinalsection,thequestionofwhethertheeconomicandsocialcontributionsofwaterresourcedevelopmentare