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PAGE4AnAnswertotheQuestion:WhatisEnlightenment?(1784)Enlightenmentisman'semergencefromhisself-imposedimmaturity.Immaturityistheinabilitytouseone'sunderstandingwithoutguidancefromanother.Thisimmaturityisself-imposedwhenitscauseliesnotinlackofunderstanding,butinlackofresolveandcouragetouseitwithoutguidancefromanother.SapereAude![daretoknow]"Havecouragetouseyourownunderstanding!"--thatisthemottoofenlightenment.Lazinessandcowardicearethereasonswhysogreataproportionofmen,longafternaturehasreleasedthemfromalienguidance(natura-litermaiorennes),nonethelessgladlyremaininlifelongimmaturity,andwhyitissoeasyforotherstoestablishthemselvesastheirguardians.Itissoeasytobeimmature.IfIhaveabooktoserveasmyunderstanding,apastortoserveasmyconscience,aphysiciantodeterminemydietforme,andsoon,Ineednotexertmyselfatall.Ineednotthink,ifonlyIcanpay:otherswillreadilyundertaketheirksome令人烦恼的workforme.Theguardianswhohavesobenevolentlytakenoverthesupervisionofmenhavecarefullyseentoitthatthefargreatestpartofthem(includingtheentirefairsex)regardtakingthesteptomaturityasverydangerous,nottomentiondifficult.Havingfirstmadetheirdomesticlivestockdumb,andhavingcarefullymadesurethatthesedocile温驯的creatureswillnottakeasinglestepwithoutthego-cart童车towhichtheyareharnessed,theseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerthatthreatensthem,shouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotactuallysogreat,forafterfallingafewtimestheywouldintheendcertainlylearntowalk;butanexampleofthiskindmakesmentimidandusuallyfrightensthemoutofallfurtherattempts.Thus,itisdifficultforanyindividualmantoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitythathasallbutbecomehisnature.Hehasevenbecomefondofthisstateandforthetimebeingisactuallyincapableofusinghisownunderstanding,fornoonehaseverallowedhimtoattemptit.Rulesandformulas,thosemechanicalaidstotherationaluse,orrathermisuse,ofhisnaturalgifts,aretheshackles束缚ofapermanentimmaturity.Whoeverthrewthemoffwouldstillmakeonlyanuncertainleapoverthesmallestditch,sinceheisunaccustomedtothiskindoffreemovement.Consequen
