句子一：Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,/extremistsofthiskindthink/thatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是extremistsofthiskindthinkthat…其中that引导宾语从句，Arguingfrom.。.是现在分词短语作状语。2)theview和后面的从句that.。.是同位语关系第三、词的处理：Arguingfromtheview从……观点看，持……观点differentfrom...与……不同ineveryrelevantrespect在各相关方面extremists极端主义者，持极端观点的人lieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关参考译文：这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。句子二：Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolooksintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolooksintothepast,/forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructures/thatexisted15billionyearsago.第二、句子主干结构是：主句+for+原因状语从句。主句是强调句itwas...that.。.被强调部分thefarthest是后面句子的状语，可以理解为scientistshadbeenabletolookthefarthestintothepast2)for.。.引导的原因状语从句是一个系表结构，whattheywereseeing是从句中的主语，that引导定语从句修饰thepatternsandstructures。第三、词的处理：evenmoreimportant更为重要的是hepatternsandstructures(宇宙云的)形状和结构15billionyearsago150亿年前参考译文：更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。句子三：Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue。句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Oddthoughitsounds,/cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,/andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue。第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是cosmicinflationisaconsequence,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedthatitistrue。其中Oddthoughitsounds是倒装的让步状语从句，等于thoughitsoundsodd2)consequence前后有多重定语。3)andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvinced为被动结构。4)thatitis